Method and apparatus for in-situ health monitoring of solar cells in space

ABSTRACT

Some embodiments of the present invention describe an apparatus that includes an oscillator, a ramp generator, and an inverter. The apparatus includes an oscillator, an inverter, and a ramp generator. The oscillator is configured to generate a waveform comprising a low time and a high time. The inverter is configured to receive the waveform generated by the oscillator, and invert the waveform. The ramp generator configured to increase a gate control voltage of a transistor connected to a solar cell, and rapidly decrease the gate control voltage of the transistor. During the low time of the waveform, a measurement of a current and a voltage of the solar cell is performed as the current and voltage of the solar cell are transmitted through a first channel and to a second channel. During the high time of the waveform, a measurement of a current of a shorted cell and a voltage reference is performed as the current of the shorted cell and the voltage reference are transmitted through the first channel and the second channel.

FIELD

The present invention generally relates to a method and an apparatus tomonitor solar cells, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus toperform in-situ health monitoring of solar cells in space.

BACKGROUND

Generally, unmanned orbital craft use in-situ or in place healthmonitoring of solar cells. However, bus circuitry in satellites, forexample, does not account for in-situ health monitoring of solar cellsin the satellite. The bus circuitry of the satellite generally includesdual analog to digital converter (AD) channels and a switchable 28 voltpower supply. For in-situ health monitoring of solar cells, measurementof current versus voltage (I-V) curves are performed. To performmeasurement of I-V curves, large, high wattage switchable resistorarrays or active current sources are used. However, the large, highwattage switchable resistor arrays or active current sources damagesolar cells under test through overdriving.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments of the present invention describe an apparatus thatincludes an oscillator, a ramp generator, and an inverter. The apparatusincludes an oscillator, an inverter, and a ramp generator. Theoscillator is configured to generate a waveform comprising a low timeand a high time. The inverter is configured to receive the waveformgenerated by the oscillator, and to invert the waveform. The rampgenerator is configured to increase a gate control voltage of atransistor connected to a solar cell, and then rapidly decrease the gatecontrol voltage of the transistor. During the low time of the waveform,a measurement of a current and a voltage of the solar cell is performedas the current and voltage of the solar cell are transmitted through afirst channel and to a second channel. During the high time of thewaveform, a measurement of a current of a shorted cell and a voltagereference is performed as the current of the shorted cell and thevoltage reference are transmitted through the first channel and thesecond channel.

Another embodiment of the present invention describes an apparatus thatincludes an oscillator, an inverter, a ramp generator, and a solar cellstring. The oscillator is operatively connected to a first set ofswitches and a second set of switches, and is configured to output awaveform with a low time and a high time. The inverter is operativelyconnected to the oscillator, and is configured to invert the waveformreceived from the oscillator. The ramp generator is operativelyconnected to the oscillator, and is configured to increase a gatecontrol voltage of a first transistor and decrease the gate controlvoltage of the first transistor. The solar cell string includes a firstnode operatively connected to a drain of the first transistor, and asecond node operatively connected to a source of the first transistorvia a first resistor. When the ramp generator increases the gate controlvoltage of the first transistor, the solar cell string is subjected to adecreasing resistance to monitor a voltage and a current of the solarcell string.

Another embodiment of the present invention describes a method thatincludes generating a waveform comprising a low time and a high time.The method includes receiving the waveform from an oscillator, andinverting the waveform. The method also includes increasing a gatecontrol voltage of a transistor connected to a solar cell, and rapidlydecreasing the gate control voltage of the transistor. The method alsoincludes measuring, during the low time of the waveform, a current and avoltage of the solar cell as the current and voltage of the solar cellare transmitted through a first channel and to a second channel. Themethod also includes measuring, during the high time of the waveform, acurrent of a shorted cell and a voltage reference as the current of theshorted cell and the voltage reference are transmitted through the firstchannel and the second channel.

Another embodiment of the present invention describes a method. Themethod includes outputting waveform with a low time and a high time, andinverting the waveform received from the oscillator. The method alsoincludes increasing a gate control voltage of a first transistor anddecreasing the gate control voltage of the first transistor. The methodalso includes subjecting a solar cell string to a decreasing resistanceand monitoring a voltage and a current of the solar cell string byincreasing a voltage of the first transistor, which is connected to thesolar cell string.

Another embodiment of the present invention describes an apparatus thatis configured to measure a plurality of measurement variables on twochannels. The apparatus includes a clock generator configured togenerate a waveform operating at one cycle per second. The apparatusalso includes a ramp generator configured to increase a gate controlvoltage on a transistor connected to a solar cell and decrease the gatecontrol voltage connected to the transistor. The apparatus also includesa switch configured to allow the ramp generator to increase the gatecontrol voltage of the transistor, and to allow current and voltagemeasurements on the two channels, during a long period of the cycle. Theswitch is further configured to allow the ramp generator to decrease thegate control voltage, and to allow a shorted cell and a voltagereference to be measured on the two channels, during a short period ofthe cycle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For proper understanding of the present invention, reference should bemade to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a solar cell board, in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate the solar cell board, in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a method of measuring four variables on a solar cellboard including two channels, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a method for detecting when power is removed from thesolar cell board, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

It will be readily understood that the components of the presentinvention, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein,may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of differentconfigurations. Thus, the following detailed description of theembodiments of an apparatus, a system, a method, and a computer readablemedium, as represented in the attached figures, is not intended to limitthe scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative ofselected embodiments of the invention.

The features, structures, or characteristics of the invention describedthroughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner inone or more embodiments. For example, the usage of “certainembodiments,” “some embodiments,” or other similar language, throughoutthis specification refers to the fact that a particular feature,structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodimentmay be included in at least one embodiment of the present invention.Thus, appearances of the phrases “in certain embodiments,” “in someembodiments,” “in other embodiments,” or other similar language,throughout this specification do not necessarily all refer to the samegroup of embodiments, and the described features, structures, orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments.

Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and an apparatusconfigured to perform in-situ measurements of test solar celloperational parameters on orbit using high temperature and high ionizingradiation tolerant electronic components. Measurement of solar cellcurrent versus voltage (I-V) curves generally use a four-wire, or Kelvinmeasurement circuit. In the Kelvin measurement circuit for a solar cellstring, two wires connect to a positive terminal of the solar cellstring and two wires connect to the negative terminal of the solar cellstring. One pair of wires is chosen to pass the current flowing from thesolar cell string as it is loaded, while another pair is used such thatlittle or no current flows through. The other pair is used to measurethe voltage across the solar cell string as it is loaded. To achieve anI-V curve, a resistive load across the solar cell string is adjustedfrom little or no current flowing to near maximum current flowing. Assweeping occurs, the current flowing through the solar cell string andthe voltage across the solar cell string are measured to create datapairs of current versus voltage of the solar cell.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a solar cell board 100, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

The solar cell board 100 includes an oscillator (OSC) disposed near acenter of the board 100. The OSC, however, is not restricted to thecenter of the board, but can be disposed at any location on the boardbased on the configuration of the board. The OSC may be known as theheartbeat or pulse of the system.

In this embodiment, the OSC outputs a waveform to an inverter 12, a rampgenerator, and to a set of switches S3, S4. The waveform may operate at1 cycle per second or at a frequency of 1 hertz (Hz). The waveform is asufficiently long period to measure the I-V curve. It should be noted,however, that the OSC is not restricted to outputted 1 Hz, but canoutput a frequency higher or lower than 1 Hz depending on theconfiguration of electrical components in the solar cell board 100and/or solar cell string (to be later described). In this embodiment,the outputted waveform also has a low period of approximately 880milliseconds (mS) and a high period of approximately 120 milliseconds(mS). A person of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that theperiods may vary.

The inverter 12 receives the outputted waveform and generates aninverted waveform with a high period of 880 mS and a low period of 120mS. During the high period of the inverted waveform, a processor (notillustrated) performs measurement of the current versus voltage of thesolar cell. The processor can be outside of the solar cell board, orcould be configured to be embedded on the solar cell board. During thelow period of the inverted waveform, the processor measures a current ofa shorted solar cell and a 10 volt bus.

At the same time, the ramp generator receives the waveform and generatesa ramp to slowly increases voltage over the low period of thenon-inverted waveform and then quickly decreases the voltage over thehigh period of the non-inverted waveform. In other words, the rampgenerator creates a saw tooth wave that slowly increases voltagefollowed by a rapid decrease in voltage. The saw tooth wave is appliedto the gate of an n-channel enhancement mode metal-oxide-semiconductorfield-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) T1. As voltage onthe gate of MOSFET T1 becomes more positive in regards to its source,which is tied to a 0.2 ohm resistor R1, the resistance of the channeldecreases. For example, when the voltage to the gate is increased fromapproximately zero 0 volts to some threshold level of MOSFET T1, theresistance of the channel reduces to thousandths of an ohm. Thethreshold level can be, for example, 6.24 volts, which is adequate toturn MOSFET T1 completely on.

The generation of the saw tooth wave by the ramp generator allows for achannel resistance of MOSFET T1 to be conducted by sweeping the channelresistance from a very high resistance to a very low resistance. Thesweeping of the channel resistance causes a variable resistance to takeplace. Because channel resistance is being conducted, MOSFET T1 can becalled a variable resistor.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 1 also includes a solar cell string. A topnode of the solar cell string is tied to a drain of MOSFET T1. A bottomnode of the solar cell string is tied to the 0.2 ohm resistor R1, whichis tied to the source of MOSFET T1. By tying the solar cell string toMOSFET T1, the solar cell string can be subjected to an ever decreasingresistance as the ramp generator slowly increases the voltage to a gateof MOSFET T1. For example, at the beginning of the cycle, the solar cellstring has as an infinite resistance because the ramp generator appliesclose to 0 volts to the gate. In other words, the solar cell string doesnot have real current flowing out of it. This condition of the solarcell string can be called an unloaded condition, a zero currentcondition, or an open circuit condition.

However, as voltage is increased, the solar cell string is taken throughits entire load line, and all the way down to the point where MOSFET T1is effectively shorted. At this juncture, there is about 200 milliohmsacross MOSFET T1, which effectively causes a short circuit. Such shortcircuit allows the solar cell string to be monitored from an opencircuit to the short circuit. As a result, the voltage and the currentof the solar cell string can be effectively monitored.

FIG. 1 also illustrates a difference amplifier G1 that receives twowires from the solar cell string. In particular, the two wires arereceived at a non-inverting or positive input and an inverting ornegative input of the difference amplifier G1. Voltage being outputtedfrom the difference amplifier G1 represents a difference between voltagereceived at the positive input and voltage received at the negativeinput. For example, while the ramp generator slowly increases voltage, afirst analog to digital converter channel ADC1 receives String Voltageor String V conditioned by difference amplifier G1. In other words,difference amplifier G1 is constantly across the solar cell string, andrepresents no real load.

During the sweeping period, String V outputs the voltage coming acrossthe solar cell string. Simultaneously, difference amplifier G2conditions the voltage produced across the 0.2 ohm resistor R1. Forexample, the difference amplifier G2 provides a gain of 76.39 to thevoltage across the 0.2 ohm resistor R1, and adds that voltage to anoffset voltage. The gain can be dependent on the resistors in differenceamplifier, and be modified to fit the solar cell current. The offsetvoltages are added to each of the inputs to ensure the operationalamplifiers operate in their linear region. The voltage produced acrossthe 0.2 ohm resistor R1 is analogous to, or is a function of, thecurrent flowing out of the solar cell string as the sweep occurs.Therefore, as the channel resistance in MOSFET T1 reduces, the currentfrom the solar cell string is increased because less impedance is comingacross. Simultaneously, the voltage across the 0.2 ohm resistor R1 isincreased, which is conditioned by difference amplifier G2, and travelsinto a second analog to digital converter channel ADC2. This allows thevoltage on ADC1 (or voltage on String V) to start high and then startsweeping low, and also allows for the voltage on ADC2 (or String I orString Current) to increase at the same time. As a result, acharacteristic curve of the solar cell or the I-V curve can be obtained.

FIG. 1 also illustrates two switches S1, S2 to the left of String V andString I, and two switches S3, S4 to the left of +10 Sense and shortedcell I. Switches S1, S2, S3, S4 may be electronic or analog switches.When the inverted waveform is in the high period, the switches S1, S2are closed. When the inverted waveform is in the low period, theswitches S1, S2 are open. For example, when the voltage is increased,switches S1, S2 are closed, and the two voltages of String V and StringI are passed through switches S1, S2 to ADC1 and ADC2. In other words,during the long wave portion of the OSC, the voltages of String V andString I are passed through switches 51, S2 and onto ADC1 and ADC2.

In addition, when the non-inverted waveform is in the low periodswitches S3, S4 are open, and when the non-inverted waveform is in thehigh period switches S3, S4 are closed. Switches S3, S4 are closedbecause the voltage is no longer being increased to the gate of MOSFETT1. Also, because switches S3, S4 are closed, the voltage reference andthe current of the shorted cell can be measured.

Therefore, the switches illustrated in FIG. 1 allow fortime-multiplexing to occur to determine which measurements are to beperformed on ADC 1 and ADC2.

In this embodiment, a solar cell is also connected to the board, and istied to a 0.2 ohm resistor R2. A difference amplifier G3 is connected tothe 0.2 ohm resistor R2, and outputs to ADC1 a voltage coming across the0.2 ohm resistor. Thus, when the period from the OSC is high, the solarcell is shorted. The shorted solar cell provides a representative cellthat is under continuous electrical load, and is not swept through anI-V curve. The measurement of the shorted solar cell providesinformation to those monitoring the health of the cells different to,but no less important than, that associated with the swept cell. Thisallows for redundancy measurements of the values of the representativecell, i.e., the solar cell string, and the shorted solar cell to becompared. In other words, the shorted cell measurement is a measurementthat provides an additional component of health information with respectto the solar cell. In this embodiment, the shorted cell is in a shortedcondition, while the solar cell string is in one of three states: (1)being swept through the IV curve, (2) in an open circuit condition, or(3) being loaded by RLOAD in the power down state.

The board also includes a +10 Sense voltage divider tied to ADC2. +10Sense divides, for example, 10 volts into half by using two resistorsR3, R4. However, the amount of voltage to be divided may vary dependingon the range of ADC1 and ADC2. In this embodiment, +10 Sense isconfigured to monitor for bias current, voltage supply, and open circuitand/or short circuit measurements to determine the change inmeasurement. In other words, +10 Sense can be used for healthmeasurement verification as a function of a properly regulated on boardpower and voltage reference system.

+10 Sense can also be used as excitation and reference voltages to keepoperational amplifiers near the most linear operational region. +10Sense can also determine whether the 10 volts are drooping by thecomparing the 10 volts to the measurements taken on the solar cells. Inthis embodiment, the 10 volts are generated using two regulators(described below) from a 28 volt power supply of the aircraft bus. Thisallows for +10 Sense to monitor the two regulators generating the 10volts. If a change in voltage exists, and it has same periodicity as thesolar cell measurement with the error, then the change in solar cellmeasurements can be easily attributed to the power supply. This allowsfor any uncertainty that resides in the measurement of 10 volt powersupply to be removed, as well as any uncertainty with excitation andbias voltages to be removed.

The board also includes a power down load. In this embodiment, whenpower is removed from the system, the solar cell string under testshould be continuously driven. In other words, the solar cell stringshould include some load when the power is removed from the system. Toensure that the solar cell string is continuously loaded, a 12 ohmresistor R5 is used to provide a load when the power goes out of thesystem. The 12 ohm resistor R5 is also used because 12 ohms is thenominal load, and includes about the same stress as the other solarcells that power the aircraft.

In this embodiment, the solar cell board also uses a power down detectsuch that, when power is removed from the circuit board, the solar cellstring is configured to use the power down circuitry to turn on MOSFETT2, which provides a circuit in the power down mode. The circuit is thesolar cell string tied across the 12 ohm resistor. Because thisembodiment provides representative cells and strings in an array, whichare constantly monitored for health, the life-time of the actual array,which is creating power for the space craft, can be predicted. Thus, the12 ohm resistor maintains the power of the solar cell string at a powerpoint at which the other solar cells powering the aircraft are operatingat. Because the solar cell string, under test, ages at the same rate asthe other solar cells, the solar cell string should be subjected to thesame stresses as the other solar cells in the array. In other words,because the rest of the solar cells in the array are always powering theaircraft or are always under load, the solar cell string should also bepowered or under the same load.

Therefore, the solar cell board illustrated in FIG. 1 provides aninexpensive, radiation and thermally hard all analog system that isautonomous and is simple and reliable.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate a solar cell board in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present invention. The solar cell board in FIGS. 2A-2Cincludes a clock generator, a clock inverter, an IV sweep controlswitch, dual multiplexors, a current sense bridge, a shorted cellcurrent sense bridge, a +V sense, a +10 regulator, a +10 sense, and a+28 power down quiescent load switch.

The solar cell board shown in FIGS. 2A-2C is designed to solve theproblem of measuring four measurement variable using two analog todigital converter (AD) channels. The board includes two different modes.The first mode measures the current versus voltage (I-V) curvesimultaneously. The second mode measures a shorted cell's current and a10 volt bus through a +10 sense voltage divider.

To achieve the four measurements, time-domain multiplexing is used tomultiplex through time between the two sets of measurements. Totime-multiplex, a relaxation oscillator or a clock generator is disposedon the solar cell board. The oscillator comprises an operationalamplifier U3A, resistors R23, R24, R22, R21, and a capacitor C8 toprovide a time-base for measurement sweeps on the solar cell board. Theoscillator's frequency is outputted at approximately 1 Hz, and isasymmetrical with a low time of about 880 mS and a high time of 120 mS.The oscillator outputs a low period during the low time of about 880 mSat which time the I-V curve is measured. The oscillator also outputs ahigh period during the high time of about 120 mS at which timemeasurement of shorted cell's current and voltage reference (e.g., +10Sense) is performed.

When the output of the oscillator is high at pin 12, the output ofswitch (or clock inverter) U2D at pin 11 is low. In other words, whenthe output to pin 12 is high, pins 10 and 11 are shorted via switch U2Dto tie pin 11 to pin 10. Essentially, the shorting of pins 11 and 10causes pin 11 to be tied to ground of pin 10. Also, when the output ofthe oscillator to pin 12 is high, measurement of the shorted cell and+10 sense can be performed during the high time of 120 mS, whilemeasurement of the I-V curve is disabled. To allow measurement of theshorted cell and +10 sense, switch U1C is turned on through pin 6, andswitch U1B is turned on through pin 5.

However, when the oscillator's output at pin 12 is low, pin 11 isdisconnected from pin 10, and is connected to positive 10 volts via 10Kresistor R33. This allows pin 11 of the clock inverter to be tied topins 12, 13 of switches U1D, U1A. Thus, when the oscillator's output atpin 12 is low, the clock inverter generates an inverted waveform thathas a high period of 880 mS and a short period of 120 mS. The generationof the inverted waveform allows for measurements of the current and thevoltage of the solar cell to be performed.

In this embodiment, through the operation of using the clock generatorand the clock inverter, the four signals can be multiplexed onto the twoAD channels. In particular, switches U1A, U1B, U1C, U1D allowmultiplexing of four different measurements onto the two AD channels.The clock generator and the clock inverter can be used as the controlsignals for the multiplexing. The clock generator can also be used as atime-base for when voltage is generated and applied to a gate of aMOSFET Q3 as the variable load. This is accomplished by a 100K resistorR40 at the gate of MOSFET Q3, a capacitor C9, and a voltage divider R41,R 37.

For example, when the output of the clock generator is low forapproximately 880 mS, pins 8, 9 of sweep control switch U2C aredisconnected. This allows voltage divider (or resistors) R41, R37 andthe capacitor C9 to generate a voltage to the gate of MOSFET Q3. Thegenerating of the voltage allows for a ramp to be generated. Forexample, 2 volts are generated and applied to the gate of MOSFET Q3 atthe start of the 880 mS sweep window. The 2 volts is a maximum voltageto turn off MOSFET Q3. During the 880 mS sweep window, voltage appliedto the gate is slowly increased to an upper voltage which exceeds aworst case threshold of MOSFET Q3. For example, a voltage is increasedto about 6.24 volts, which is adequate to turn MOSFET Q3 completely on.

In this embodiment, the voltage is increased to about 6.24 volts with atime constant based on voltage divider R37, R41 and capacitor C9. Thetime constant is a resistor-capacitor (RC) time constant. The RC timeconstant is a resistance of the RC circuit multiplied by a capacitanceof the RC circuit. This time constant characterizes the rise time of thevoltage of the RC circuit. For example, the time constant is thecapacitance of capacitor C9 multiplied by a parallel combination ofresistors R37 and R41. The resistance of the RC circuit is the parallelcombination of resistors R37 and R41, which is the Thevenin equivalentresistance of the RC circuit.

Because five times the time constant allots for a time period of 880 mS,the charge to the gate of MOSFET Q3 is to be increased slowly during theclock generator's low time. This allows the gate to source voltage(V_(GS)) to vary such that the turn on voltage of MOSFET Q3, whichvaries the channel resistance of MOSFET Q3, provides a variable load toperform a solar cell I-V sweep. It should be noted that during the lowperiod of 880 mS, the voltage is slowing being increased through thecapacitor's charging time.

Voltage dividers R41, R37 and capacitor C9 can also generate a voltagelow enough to turn MOSFET Q3 off. For example, when the output at pin 12of the clock generator is high, pin 6 of switch U2C is at high, and pin9 of switch U2C is connected, via pin 8 of switch U2C, to a 22.1Kresistor R34. This allows the voltage of the gate of MOSFET Q3 torapidly decrease to a set point, which is below the turn on point ofMOSFET Q3. Also, 22.1 K resistor R34 is placed across capacitor C9 toensure that C9 discharges to a lower voltage or approximately 0 voltsduring the 120 mS period. For example, the lower voltage is 0.65 volts,which can be determined by the supply voltage across the voltage dividerprovided by resistor R41 in series with the parallel combination ofresistors R37 and R34. The rate of the decreasing voltage is provided bythe time of the low period of the oscillator and the RC time constant ofthe circuit, where the resistor R is the parallel combination ofresistors R41, R37 and R34, and the capacitor C is C9. This lowers theresistor R of the RC time constant, which greatly decreases the timeconstant. The time constant can be reduced by a factor of 9.5, whichmeans that the discharge time of the cap will be 9.5 times less thanit's charge rate. The smaller time constant makes up for the dischargeperiod of the oscillator's waveform (e.g., the high period), which isless than the charge period of the oscillator waveform (e.g., the lowperiod).

As such, the above-mentioned clock generator provides a gate turn onvoltage for MOSFET Q3, which provides a variable load for themeasurement of the I-V curve. The gate control voltage for MOSFET Q3 isdeveloped across capacitor C9. For example, the clock generator dictateswhen capacitor C9 charges up through the voltage divider R41, R37, andwhen C9 discharges through the resistor divider of R41 and R34 inparallel with R37. This embodiment allows the above-mentioned process ofmeasuring the four variables to be carried out every 1 cycle per second.

As the load is varying during the I-V sweep, a drain of MOSFET Q3 isconnected to a positive current carrying input or lead J1 (+I1, 1) of aKelvin connection. A source of MOSFET Q3 is tied to a node of resistorsR27, R29 so the current flows down through MOSFET Q3 via the source. Asthe V_(GS) is varied, the current slowly decreases with the amount ofchannel resistance. The current flows down through MOSFET Q3 and throughcurrent sense resistors R29, R30. Resistors R29, R30 are 0.1 ohm currentsense resistors, and can vary according to the current of the solarcell. However, if a larger solar cell providing more current isemployed, then a small resistor can be employed. In other words, thecurrent from MOSFET Q3 provides a voltage input to the current sensebridge, which comprises resistor R27, R28, R29, R30, R32, R50.

The current sense bridge also comprises switch U3B and resistor R31. Thecurrent sense bridge accepts a current provided by the solar cell, andproduces an offset voltage to operational amplifiers. The current sensebridge provides a gain factor of 76.4, and gives an offset ofapproximately 2 volts. In this embodiment, when non-linear operations atthe operational amplifier are too close to either of 0 volt or 10 voltpower rail, the voltage dividers and the offset are configured to moveoperating points away from the power rails of the operational amplifierand into a more linear region. Essentially, voltage divider R27, R50,and R28, R30 provide a bias to adjust the operating point away fromground at the inputs of the operational amplifier.

The current sense bridge can be comparable to difference amplifier G2 inFIG. 1. Essentially, the current sense bridge takes a difference involtage between pins 5, 6. At pin 5, the voltage changes linearly withthe current provided by the solar cell, which is being varied by thevariable load. In other words, the voltage at pin 5 of the operationalamplifier effectively changes according to the variable load. At pin 6,the voltage remains constant due to a single voltage divider withresistors that do not change in voltage. In other words, the currentsense bridge takes the differences in voltage between pins 5 and 6,which is an amplified voltage proportional to the current from the solarcell.

Also, the current sense bridge includes a resistor R31 that acts forgain, and a capacitor C17 to filter output. At output of operationalamplifier U3B, resistor R42 acts as a current limiting resistor toprotect the circuit so excess current cannot flow into the operationalamplifier or the switch. Capacitor C18 is an additional capacitor tofilter or match capacitance through some cabling. Resistor R42 andcapacitor C18 can be optional, as well as circuit specific.

FIGS. 2A-2C also illustrate the shorted cell current sense bridge thatcan be a reproduction of the current sense bridge. The shorted cellcurrent sense bridge includes resistors R52, R11, R13, R12, R19, R20,R10, a capacitor C7 (unused), and a amplifier U3D. In this embodiment,current flows into lead J1 (+I2, 8), and through resistors R19, R20,which are combined into a 0.2 ohm resistor, to generate a voltage.Resistors R52, R13 provide a bias voltage which raises the voltage atthe input of pin 12 to the linear operating region of operationalamplifier U3D. The voltage of operational amplifier U3D changes with thecurrent provided through the shorted cell. It should be noted that theshorted cell does not have a variable load and, therefore, the currentdoes not change through time and remains static. The shorted cellcurrent sense bridge also includes a 1000 Picofarad (pF) capacitor C7 toact as a low pass filter. The shorted cell current sense bridge can becomparable to G3 of FIG. 1

FIGS. 2A-2C also illustrate that the solar cell board includes a +VSense to provide a voltage sense across the solar cell that is beingmeasured. Lead J1 (+V, 6) and J1 (−V, 2) are lines from the Kelvinconnection that carry a very small amount of current. In thisembodiment, the Kelvin connection provides a four lead connection. Twoleads being voltage sense leads that carry very small amount of current,and does not change in voltage. The other two leads are current senseleads that carry all of the current. A return current path of lead (−I,7) through star ground at a board edge, and lead J1 (−V, 2) is connectedto the return current path of lead (−I, 7) that has a non-currentcarrying path, which is part of the Kelvin connection. Lead J1 (−V, 2)is non-current because lead J1 (−V, 2) has a higher impedance than thereturn current path of lead (−I, 7).

+V Sense circuit includes resistors RA, RB, RC, RD, RE, R18, a capacitorC1, and an operational amplifier U3C. Capacitor C1 provides a low passfilter in the circuit. The resistors provide a voltage bias with a 2volt offset, i.e., two volts off of ground, similar to the current sensebridge. However, the resistors in the +V Sense are in series due to thenature of measuring the voltages. +V Sense is also a differenceamplifier similar to difference amplifier G1 in FIG. 1. In particular,+V Sense measures a difference between the lead J1 (+V, 6) and lead J1(−V, 2). The resistors in +V sense act as a bias to add 2 volts to everyvoltage measurement. For example, 2 volts can be added via resistors RD,RE, as well as add 2 volts to −V voltage, which will be near orapproximate ground of the solar cell. Further, the same 2 volts can beadded via resistors RC, RB, RA. This allows for measurements in thedifference between the positive voltage of the solar cell and thenegative voltage of the solar cell to be obtained. From the difference,a gain of 1.867 is provided to the measurement by a combination ofresistors R18, RD, RE. Other operational amplifiers provide a gain in asimilar manner.

In sum, +V sense measures the difference between the positive andnegative voltage with a 2 volt offset being added to move theoperational amplifier U3C into a linear operating region. Also,operational amplifier U3C is provided with a gain by multiplying thevoltage by a factor of 1.867. The gain factors can be varied by changingthe resistor values based on the voltage that are to be measured, i.e.,the voltage of the solar cell. For example, if the voltage of the solarcell is lower, more gain can be added to provide a better resolution,but if the voltage of the solar cell is larger, the gain values can bereduced by adding smaller resistance components.

FIGS. 2A-2C also illustrate a +10 Sense circuit that senses the 10 voltpower supply, and comprises resistors R44, R48 with a possible capacitorCA to be employed if a low pass filter is to be added. In thisembodiment, measurement of 10 volts sense is achieved by providing avoltage divider having two equal resistance values. The voltage dividercomprises 10K resistors R44, R48. Because the resistance values ofresistors R44, R48 are equal, 5 volts should be measured at the centerof resistors R44, R48. And, when the voltage is sampled, and when thecenter of resistors R44, R48 are at 10 volts, it can be determined thatthe 10 volt power supply is at 10 volts. If, for example, the voltagemoves to 4.8 at the center of R44, R48, then it can be determined thatthe power supply changed by some factor. Because the resistance valuesdo not change, the power supply can be monitored. By measuring powersupply, it can be determined whether any of the 2 volt offset havechanged, as well as determine how much change can be expected in theamplifier circuits based on the change in the 2 volt offsets.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate switches U2A, U2B as extra switches that are notused. FIGS. 2A-2C also illustrate a +10 volt regulator powered by two 10volt regulators REG1, REG2 to generate 10 volts out of a 28 voltaircraft bus. In this embodiment, Regulator REG1 has an output at oraround 15 volts, and Regulator REG2 is configured to decrease thevoltage output in REG1 to 10 volts. In other words, Regulators REG1,REG2 are linear regulators that are configured to generate 10 volts.

The embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2C also include a +28 power downquiescent load switch, which is comparable to the power down mode shownin FIG. 1. The switch includes resistors R9, R7, R8, LOAD R, and MOSFETsQ1, Q2. The switch applies a load across the solar cell when a power istaken away, and when the solar cell is not being measured. The loadbeing applied should be powered by a 12 ohm load resistor LOAD R.

For example, when there is no +10 volt power supply, gate of MOSFET Q1connects to ground to turn MOSFET Q1 off. When MOSFET Q1 is off, thegate of MOSFET Q2 is allowed to float. Because the gate of MOSFET Q2 istied through R8 to the top of the solar cell, a positive voltage isprovided at the gate of MOSFET Q2. And, as a result, a positive voltageis provided to V_(GS) of MOSFET Q2 which turns MOSFET Q2 on providing acurrent path for the solar cell through load resistor LOAD R to ground.In other words, as +10 volt goes away, MOSFET Q2 is turned on, providinga current path through load resistor LOAD R.

However, when the +10 volt turns on, MOSFET Q1 turns on, which turnsMOSFET Q2 off. For example, when MOSFET Q1 turns on, a positive voltageat the gate of MOSFET Q1 is provided at approximately 8 volts to V_(GS)of MOSFET Q1. As a result, the gate of MOSFET Q2 is effectively shortedby placing the gate of MOSFET Q2 to ground and setting the V_(GS) ofMOSFET Q2 to 0 to turn MOSFET Q2 off, i.e., taking the load resistorLOAD R off the circuit.

Therefore, the embodiments described above with respect to FIGS. 2A-2Callow the I-V curve to be generated when the power is on, and to loadthe solar cell to monitor the life degradation while the power is off.

FIG. 3 illustrates a method of measuring four variables on a solar cellboard including two channels, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

At 305, a frequency (or waveform) at 1 cycle per second is generated byan oscillator with a low period of approximately 880 mS and a highperiod of approximately 120 mS. At 310, an inverter receives thefrequency from the oscillator and inverts the frequency to have aninverted high period of 880 mS and an inverted low period of 880 mS. At315, when the frequency outputted at the oscillator is low, a first setof switches are closed, and a second set of switches are opened. Theopening of the first set of switches allows measurements of the currentand voltage of the solar cell to be performed. At 320, a ramp generatorreceives the generated frequency and gradually increases voltage of aMOSFET over the low period of 880 mS. In this embodiment, the voltage isincreased to a MOSFET threshold of 6.24.

At 325, when the frequency outputted by at the oscillator is high, thefirst set of switches are open and the second set of switches areclosed. This allows for a current of a shorted cell and a referencevoltage to be measured. At 330, the ramp generator receives thegenerated frequency, and decreases the voltage of the MOSFET over a highperiod of 120 mS. In this embodiment, the voltage is decreased toapproximately 0 volts, sufficient to turn off the MOSFET.

Stated another way, the above-described embodiment shown in FIG. 3provides a method to quickly and efficiently measure four variables ontotwo channels. For example, during the 880 mS of the waveform, thecurrent and voltage of the solar cell is measured by increasing voltageof the MOSFET. During the 120 mS of the cycle, the voltage reference andthe current of the shorted cell is measured as the voltage to the MOSFETis rapidly being decreased. The switches are used to time-multiplexbetween the measurements being performed.

FIG. 4 illustrates a method for detecting when power is removed from thesolar cell board, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. At 405, a determination is made as to whether power issupplied to a solar cell board by a 10 volt power supply. If power issupplied, then a +28 power down load switch does not take any action.However, if power has been withdrawn, a 12 ohm Load R resistor isswitched in through a use of a MOSFET at 410. At 415, a current path fora solar cell is provided through the 12 ohm Load R resistor, and theMOSFET of the +28 power down load switch. At 420, the +28 power download switch determines as to whether the solar cell board is powered bythe 10 volt power supply. If the 10 volt power supply is not poweringthe solar cell board, then the 12 ohm load R resistor continues to stayin the current path. However, if the 10 volt power supply is poweringthe solar cell board, then the MOSFET of the +28 power down load switchis turned off, and the 12 ohm Load R resistor is switched out of thesolar cell current path at 425.

Stated another way, the above-described embodiment shown in FIG. 4allows a load to be applied to the solar cell to effectively monitor thelife degradation of the solar cell when the 10 volt power supply is notpowering the solar cell board.

The method steps performed in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 may be performed by acomputer program product, encoding instructions for the nonlinearadaptive processor to perform at least the method described in FIG. 3and the method described in FIG. 4, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. The computer program product may be embodied on acomputer readable medium. A computer readable medium may be, but is notlimited to, a hard disk drive, a flash device, a random access memory, atape, or any other such medium used to store data. The computer programproduct may include encoded instructions for controlling the nonlinearadaptive processor to implement the method described in FIG. 3, and themethod described in FIG. 4, which may also be stored on the computerreadable medium.

The computer program product can be implemented in hardware, software,or a hybrid implementation. The computer program product can be composedof modules that are in operative communication with one another, andwhich are designed to pass information or instructions to display. Thecomputer program product can be configured to operate on a generalpurpose computer, or an application specific integrated circuit(“ASIC”).

A person of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the abovedescribed embodiments can be modified to provide two I-V sweep systems,or a system which time multiplexes a number of measurement pairs ontotwo analog to digital conversion channels. For example, a person ofordinary skill in the art would appreciate that n measurements can betime multiplexed onto the two channels by creating a complex waveformgenerator, i.e., a binary counter with a demultiplexer, and thus be ableto measure n variables once per cycle.

One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that theinvention as discussed above may be practiced with steps in a differentorder, and/or with hardware elements in configurations which aredifferent than those which are disclosed. Therefore, although theinvention has been described based upon these preferred embodiments, itwould be apparent to those of skill in the art that certainmodifications, variations, and alternative constructions would beapparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.In order to determine the metes and bounds of the invention, therefore,reference should be made to the appended claims.

1. An apparatus for in-situ monitoring of solar cells, comprising: anoscillator that generates a waveform comprising a low time and a hightime; an inverter that receives the waveform generated by theoscillator, and inverts the waveform; and a ramp generator thatincreases a gate control voltage of a transistor connected to a solarcell, and then rapidly decreases the gate control voltage of thetransistor, wherein, during the low time of the waveform, a measurementof a current and a voltage of the solar cell is performed as the currentand voltage of the solar cell are transmitted through a first channeland to a second channel, and wherein, during the high time of thewaveform, a measurement of a current of a shorted solar cell and avoltage reference is performed as the current of the shorted solar celland the voltage reference are transmitted through the first channel andthe second channel.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the low time islonger than the high time, and wherein the low time has a duration ofapproximately 880 milliseconds, and the high time has a duration ofapproximately 120 milliseconds.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein,during the low time of the waveform, the ramp generator is configured toprogressively increase the gate control voltage of the transistor fromapproximately 2 volts to a threshold voltage of approximately 6.24 voltsto switch the transistor to a fully conductive state.
 4. The apparatusof claim 2, wherein, during the high time of the waveform, the rampgenerator is configured to decrease the gate control voltage of thetransistor to approximately 0 volts.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the inverted waveform comprises an inverted high time longerthan the inverted low time, and wherein the inverted high time has aduration of approximately 880 milliseconds, and the inverted low timehas a duration of approximately 120 milliseconds.
 6. The apparatus ofclaim 5, wherein, during the inverted high time of the invertedwaveform, a first set of switches are turned on to transmit the currentand voltage of the solar cell through the first and second channel. 7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, during the high time of the waveform,a second set of switches are turned on to transmit the current of theshorted cell and the voltage reference through the first and secondchannel.
 8. An apparatus for in-situ monitoring of solar cells,comprising: an oscillator operatively connected to a first set ofswitches and a second set of switches, and to that outputs a waveformwith a low time and a high time; an inverter operatively connected tothe oscillator, and that inverts the waveform received from theoscillator; a ramp generator operatively connected to the oscillator,and that increases a gate control voltage of a first transistor and thenrapidly decreases the gate control voltage of the first transistor; anda solar cell string comprising a first node operatively connected to adrain of the first transistor, and a second node operatively connectedto a source of the first transistor via a first resistor, wherein, whenthe ramp generator increases the gate control voltage of the firsttransistor, the solar cell string is subjected to a decreasingresistance of the first transistor to monitor a voltage and a current ofthe solar cell string.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the rampgenerator increases the gate control voltage of the first transistor toa threshold voltage of 6.24 volts during the low time of 880milliseconds.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the ramp generatordecreases the gate control voltage of the first transistor from athreshold voltage to a maximum off voltage of approximately 0 voltsduring the high time of 120 milliseconds.
 11. The apparatus of claim 8,wherein the increase of the gate control voltage and the decrease of thegate control voltage of the first transistor occur during a sweepingperiod of 1000 milliseconds.
 12. The apparatus of claim 8, furthercomprising: a first difference amplifier operatively connected to thesolar cell string, and that outputs a voltage during a sweeping period,wherein the outputted voltage is a difference between a voltage receivedat a positive input of the first difference amplifier and a voltagereceived at a negative input of the first difference amplifier, wherein,during the sweeping period, the voltage outputted from the firstdifference amplifier remains constant, and outputting a voltage from afirst difference amplifier, the outputted voltage is a differencebetween a voltage received at a positive input of the first differenceamplifier and a voltage received at a negative input of the firstdifference amplifier, wherein the outputted voltage from the firstdifference amplifier remains constant, and the amplifier presentssubstantially no load to the apparatus.
 13. The apparatus of claim 8,further comprising: a second difference amplifier operatively connectedto the first resistor, and configured to receive a voltage from thefirst resistor, and output an amplified voltage proportional to thecurrent of the solar cell string, wherein the voltage from the firstresistor is analogous to a current from the solar cell string during asweeping period.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein, when the rampgenerator increases the gate control voltage of the first transistor,the current from the solar cell string is increased, and the voltageacross the first resistor is simultaneously increased.
 15. The apparatusof claim 8, further comprising: a third difference amplifier operativelyconnected to a solar cell via a second resistor, and configured tooutput a voltage received from the second resistor based on a staticcurrent provided from a shorted solar cell.
 16. The apparatus of claim8, further comprising: a voltage divider comprising a third resistor anda fourth resistor, wherein the third resistor and fourth resistor areconfigured to divide a voltage generated by a power supply into half,and to measure the voltage of the power supply during the high time ofthe waveform.
 17. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first set ofswitches operatively connect to a first channel and a second channel,and wherein, when the inverted waveform outputted from the oscillator isat a high time, the first set of switches are configured to close toallow voltages from a first difference amplifier and a second differenceamplifier to be outputted through the first and second channels.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 8, wherein the second set of switches operativelyconnect to a first channel and a second channel, and wherein, when thewaveform outputted from the oscillator is at the high time, the secondset of switches are configured to close to allow voltages from a thirddifference amplifier and a voltage divider to be outputted through thefirst and second channels.
 19. The apparatus of claim 8, furthercomprising: a power down load that comprises a second transistor, afifth resistor, and a power down detector, and wherein the power download provides a load to the solar cell string when power is removed fromthe apparatus.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the power downdetector is configured to detect when power is removed from theapparatus.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein, when the power isremoved from the apparatus, the fifth resistor is configured to activatethe second transistor and to load the solar cell string, and wherein thefifth resistor is a 12 ohm resistor.
 22. A method for in-situ monitoringof solar cells, comprising: generating a waveform comprising a low timeand a high time; receiving the waveform from an oscillator, andinverting the waveform; increasing a gate control voltage of atransistor connected to a solar cell, and then rapidly decreasing thegate control voltage of the transistor; measuring, during the low timeof the waveform, a current and a voltage of the solar cell as thecurrent and voltage of the solar cell are transmitted through a firstchannel and to a second channel; and measuring, during the high time ofthe waveform, a current of a shorted cell and a voltage reference as thecurrent of the shorted cell and the voltage reference are transmittedthrough the first channel and the second channel.
 23. The method ofclaim 22, wherein the low time is longer than the high time, and whereinthe low time is 880 milliseconds, and the high time is 120 milliseconds.24. The method of claim 22, wherein the inverted waveform comprises aninverted high time longer than the inverted low time, and wherein theinverted high time is 880 milliseconds, and the inverted low time is 120milliseconds.
 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising: turningon, during the inverted high time of the inverted waveform, a first setof switches to transmit the current and voltage of the solar cellthrough the first and second channel.
 26. The method of claim 23,wherein, during the low time of the waveform, the increasing of the gatecontrol voltage is from 2 volts to a threshold voltage of 6.24 volts toswitch the transistor to a fully conductive state.
 27. The method ofclaim 23, wherein, during the high time of the waveform, the gatecontrol voltage is decreased to approximately 0 volts.
 28. The method ofclaim 22, further comprising: turning on, during the high time of thewaveform, a second set of switches to transmit the current of theshorted cell and the voltage reference through the first and secondchannel.
 29. A method for in-situ monitoring of solar cells, comprising:outputting a waveform with a low time and a high time; inverting thewaveform received from an oscillator; increasing a gate control voltageof a first transistor, and then decreasing the gate control voltage ofthe first transistor; and subjecting a solar cell string to a decreasingresistance and monitoring a voltage and a current of the solar cellstring by increasing the gate control voltage of the first transistor,which is connected to the solar cell string.
 30. The method of claim 29,wherein the increasing the gate control voltage of the first transistoris to a threshold voltage of 6.24 volts during a low time of 880milliseconds.
 31. The method of claim 29, further comprising: outputtinga voltage from a first difference amplifier, the outputted voltage is adifference between a voltage received at a positive input of the firstdifference amplifier and a voltage received at a negative input of thefirst difference amplifier, wherein the outputted voltage from the firstdifference amplifier remains constant, and outputting a voltage from afirst difference amplifier, the outputted voltage is a differencebetween a voltage received at a positive input of the first differenceamplifier and a voltage received at a negative input of the firstdifference amplifier, wherein the outputted voltage from the firstdifference amplifier remains constant, and the amplifier presentssubstantially no load to the apparatus.
 32. The method of claim 29,further comprising: receiving a voltage from a first resistor; andoutputting, from a second difference amplifier, an amplified voltageproportional to the current of the solar cell string, wherein thevoltage from the first resistor is analogous to a current from the solarcell string during a sweeping period.
 33. The method of claim 32,further comprising: increasing the current from the solar cell string,and simultaneously increasing the voltage across the first resistor,when the gate control voltage of the first transistor is increased. 34.The method of claim 29, further comprising: outputting, from a thirddifference amplifier, a voltage received from a second resistor based ona static current provided from a shorted solar cell.
 35. The method ofclaim 29, further comprising: dividing, by a voltage divider, a voltagegenerated by a power supply into half; and measuring the voltage of thepower supply during the high time of the waveform.
 36. The method ofclaim 29, further comprising: closing the first set of switches to allowvoltages from a first difference amplifier and a second differenceamplifier flow through the first and second channels, when the invertedwaveform outputted from the oscillator is at a high time.
 37. The methodof claim 29, further comprising: closing the second set of switches toallow voltages from a third difference amplifier and a voltage dividerflow through to the first and second channels, respectively, when thewaveform outputted from the oscillator is at the high time.
 38. Themethod of claim 29, further comprising: activating a second transistorwhen power is removed from an apparatus; and providing a load, from thesecond transistor, to the solar cell string via a 12 ohm resistor. 39.An apparatus for in-situ monitoring of solar cells configured to measurea plurality of measurement variables on two channels, the apparatuscomprising: a clock generator that generates a waveform operating at afrequency of one cycle per second; a ramp generator that increases agate control voltage on a transistor connected to a solar cell anddecrease the gate control voltage connected to the transistor; and aswitch that allows the ramp generator to increase the gate controlvoltage of the transistor, and to that allows current and voltagemeasurements on the two channels, during a long period of the cycle,wherein the switch is further configured to allow the ramp generator todecrease the gate control voltage, and to allow a current of a shortedcell and a voltage reference to be measured on the two channels, duringa short period of the cycle.